The manufacturing process of electronic paper display (EPD) integrates technologies from multiple disciplines, with the core lying in the microcapsule structure and electric field control. Firstly, liquid electronic ink is formed through chemical synthesis, in which black and white particles with positive and negative charges are suspended in microcapsules, with a diameter roughly equivalent to a human hair. These microcapsules achieve color switching under the influence of an electric field: a negative electric field causes the white particles to move to the surface, appearing white, while a positive electric field drives the black particles to float upward, appearing black, thus constructing pixel graphics.
The manufacturing process begins with substrate processing, where ink is applied to a plastic film (such as PET/PS), and then a TFT backplane circuit is attached to form an addressable pixel array. In the encapsulation step, optical clear adhesive (OCA) is used to bond multiple layers, including a water-blocking film and a touch layer, ensuring high contrast and wide viewing angles under ambient light reflection. During driving, a controller applies a precise electric field to achieve low-power bistable display - power is consumed only during refresh, and the image persists after the power is turned off. This process breaks through the limitations of traditional displays, giving electronic paper a paper-like texture and eye-protection characteristics that are visible in sunlight.
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